|
|
|
| June 2010 |
Improving access to water supply and sanitation services for the poor |
|
|
|
| Investments in sanitation have a direct link on poverty reduction |
|
“… Children that grow up in areas with access to sanitation and electricity have more chances of finishing school and obtaining better jobs. This exclusion of access to basic services is tied to the poverty condition and contributes to a vicious circle that is necessary to break. The benefits of improving sanitation services are evident on its direct impact in public health, cleaner environment and in the economy …”
- Pamela Cox, World Bank Regional Vice President for Latin America and the Caribbean in her opening keynote address at Latinosan 2010
|
|
|
|
 |
|
|
|
| + PUBLICATIONS & LEARNING RESOURCES |
 |
| VIDEOS |
| |
|
| PUBLICATIONS |
| Improving Measures of Handwashing Behavior |
| |
A WSP study conducted in rural Bangladesh set out to determine the most effective and appropriate tools for measuring handwashing behaviors in the field. This report presents findings and recommendations based on a Bangladesh study, which targeted female caregivers in rural households with at least one child under the age of five.
|
| Training and Capacity Building to Scale Up Rural Sanitation |
| |
A cascading training model has played an essential role in building the capacity of local governments to scale up rural sanitation in India, Indonesia, and Tanzania. To date an estimated 6.5 million people have gained access to improved sanitation and almost 2,000 rural communities have stopped the practice of defecating in the open. While the results demonstrate the effectiveness of a cascading training model to reach large populations, a new WSP Learning Note recommends areas for further improvement.
|
| Building the Capacity of Local Government to Scale Up Community-Led Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing in Rural Areas |
| |
One of the central premises of the Global Scaling Up Sanitation project is that local governments can provide the vehicle to scale up rural sanitation. In all three project countries—India, Indonesia, and Tanzania—local governments are at the center of the implementation arrangements. This report looks at the experience to date in three project locations in developing the capacity of local government to carry out its role in rural sanitation.
|
| Emergent Learning About Learning |
| |
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) include benchmarks related to children’s health and sanitation. Government and non-government organizations working to meet these goals by 2015 continue to face many challenges. Learning about effective approaches that result in sustainable behavior change in sanitation and hygiene in particular hand washing with soap could strengthen efforts and have positive impact on the well being of millions people, especially the poor. This paper demonstrates that Intentional Learning is a core activity and lessons learned are a result in and of themselves.
|
| Global Learning Strategy |
| |
The purpose of this learning strategy is to develop a structured process of generating, sharing, capturing, and disseminating knowledge about what works in scaling up and sustaining sanitation programs. The learning in this paper will benefit not only current stakeholders but also future stakeholders interested in and committed to promoting and implementing effective large-scale sanitation programs.
|
| Climate Change & Urban Water Utilities: Challenges & Opportunities |
| |
This report was prepared as part of a broader program of work addressing climate change adaptation in the water sector undertaken by the Energy, Transport, and Water Department of the World Bank and the Water and Sanitation Program.
|
| Distinctions AMCOW-AfricaSan 2009_Reconnaissance des réalisations en matière d’assainissement et d’hygiène en Afrique |
| |
AMCOW AfricasSan award is given to recognize long time commitment and remarkable efforts and realizations that have made tangible and sustainable impacts and the area of sanitation in Africa. The awards are administered by the Council of African water ministers (AMCOW).This publication presents the profiles of the recipients of this award for 2009.
|
| Enhancing Consumer participation in water service delivery through Water Action Groups |
| |
Water Action Groups are local community based organizations made up of citizens, who have volunteered to address issues which affect consumers of water services. Their roles are to: Disseminate information, engage with providers, and provide feedback on services.
|
| Improving Hygiene Behavior of Communities throughout Rwanda |
| |
Hygiene Behavior Change, as proposed under The Community Based Environmental Health Promotion Programme (CBEHPP), is critical to all water and sanitation initiatives to ensure they meet their enormous potential to improve national health and living standards. CBEHPP complements the Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) efforts to provide safe drinking water & sanitation infrastructure by ensuring that the potential health & poverty reduction outcomes can also be achieved and sustained.
|
| Practical Guidance for Measuring Handwashing Behavior |
| |
Accurately measuring handwashing behavior is a critical step in understanding and improving overall health. However, the lack of a universally applicable method for measuring handwashing behavior makes gathering reliable data a challenge. This report, by Pavani Ram, MD, assistant professor in the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, addresses that gap and offers researchers and public health professionals practical guidance on how to accurately measure handwashing behaviors in a variety of settings.
|
| Case Study on Sustainability of Rural Sanitation Marketing in Vietnam |
| |
In the three years since a rural sanitation marketing pilot project ended in Vietnam, the sample communes are demonstrating sustained rates of increased access to sanitary toilets. This is according to WSP's case study to assess the sustainability of a rural sanitation marketing pilot project implemented in two provinces of Vietnam from 2003 to 2006 by International Development Enterprises. Case Study on Sustainability of Rural Sanitation Marketing in Vietnam shows that overall access for poor people to sanitary toilets jumped from 44 percent in 2006 to 59 percent in 2008, maintaining the average annual growth rate achieved during the pilot project.
|
| Guide to Ring-Fencing of Local Government-Run Water Utilities |
| |
The report is one of the deliverables under Component 3 of the Small Water Utilities Improvement and Financing (SWIF) project implemented by the water and Sanitation program (WSP). SWIF aims to improve the ability of Small utilities to access increasingly market-based financing in line with the Government of Philippines’s Water sector financing strategy. The Component seeks to examine issues surrounding access to market-based financing by small water utilities towards developing and intervention program, including the ring-fencing of accounts of local Government-run water utilities.
|
| Benchmarking Local Government Performance on Rural Sanitation: Himachal Pradesh, India |
| |
Measuring and monitoring performance on total sanitation and using the results from these measurements to build sector capacity is critical to the development of the rural sanitation sector. However, in many monitoring systems, inputs and outputs are tracked in isolation from the measurement of outcomes. This creates added difficulties when efforts are made to analyze linkages or measure efficacies.
|
| Handbook of Service Level Benchmarking |
| |
The urban sector have a number of performance indicators related to urban management and service delivery that have been defined, measured and reported. However, most initiatives in performance management so far have been observed to have some key limitations. It is therefore important that the basic minimum standard set of performance parameters are commonly understood and used by all stakeholders.
|
| Additional features: |
| |
|
|
|
Back to Top  |
|
|
|
|
|
| + IN OTHER NEWS |
|
|
News from our partners
27th AIDS Candlelight Memorial Inspires Communities and Upholds Human Rights
For the 27th time in the history of the AIDS pandemic, the annual International AIDS Candlelight Memorial, managed by the Global Health Council, was marked in communities around the world on May 16 by a vibrant display of community activism and solidarity. Some 1,200 organizations in 109 countries participated in the event.
37th Annual International Conference on Global Health, Washington, DC, June 14-18, 2010
The theme of the world’s largest global health conference not devoted to a single disease or health area is “Dateline 2010: Global Health Goals and Metrics.” It will examine the various goals set over the last 15 years, how we are doing in meeting them and what we have learned. The conference provides an unparalleled opportunity to look at all global health areas and emphasize the importance of integration and the interdependence between them.
Whenever The Need Sponsors Design Competition of Eco Sanitation Units
Turning Waste into Resource, Raising Awareness and Bringing Dignity and Independence to the Poorest in the World.
Rethinking Hydro Philanthropy
Ned Breslin, the CEO of Water for People, is calling for transformative change in the water and sanitation sector, and he is starting with his own organization. In his January 2010 essay “Rethinking Hydro Philanthropy, Smart Money for Transformative Impact,” Breslin outlines key steps that donors, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), local governments, and communities should take to create sustainable change with long term benefits.
|
|
| Back to Top |
|
|
| + WSP NEWS - CONTINUED |
|
| AFRICA |
African Water Utilities Urged to Prepare for Change
The water sector in Africa must prepare for bold and comprehensive reforms in order to mitigate the impacts of multiple global crises in energy, food, financial markets, and climate change, according to World Bank Director for Energy, Transport, and Water Jamal Saghir in his keynote address during the opening of the African Water Congress recently in Kampala, Uganda.
Saghir added that African governments and water utilities should commit to reforms and avoid a ‘business-as-usual’ approach if the sector is to reduce the vulnerabilities caused by the crises. “The sector should project itself not as a burden for governments and its ministries of finance, but as a key player that provides essential, life-supporting, high quality services that improve health and quality of life of its people,” he said.
Further, Saghir said the reforms should focus on the institutional autonomy of utilities, accountability frameworks to guide the conduct of service providers, performance management, and increased attention to the needs of the urban poor.
The African Water Congress brought together more than 1300 participants to focus on searching for solutions to the challenges posed by energy and climate change to water safety and availability. WSP hosted a session for utilities on improving water delivery services for the urban poor.
Water supply and sanitation together represent the biggest category of World Bank lending in Africa – compared to irrigation, water resource management, and hydropower. The Bank contributes almost US$600 million out of US$1,840 million in official development assistance that goes to the African water sector on average every year.
|
Tanzania Trains Regional Consumer Committee Members to Improve Water Supply
WSP in collaboration with Tanzania’s Energy and Water Utility Regulatory Authority - Consumer Consultative Council (EWURA-CCC) is supporting training of newly-appointed regional consumer committee members to promote accountability and strengthen mechanisms for citizens’ voices and involvement in improving water service delivery. The training is targeted at individuals involved in community development activities, who will be responsible for advising the Regulator on consumer issues.
“Due to constraints in planning and high poverty levels, it is estimated that two out of every three city residents will be living in unplanned settlements on the fringe of African cities,” said WSP Water and Sanitation Specialist Rosemary Rop. “Urban utilities responsible for extending water supply, sanitation, and other services are often unprepared to meet the needs of current and future customers.”
The role of EWURA-CCC is to advocate for water regulated services to low income, rural, and disadvantaged people in Tanzania. At the request of EWURA-CCC in June 2009, WSP agreed to assist in establishing regional committees that support the Council’s advisory role to the regulator. In support of this initiative, WSP has developed training manuals and other tools, designed efficiency-focused training of regional committee members, and facilitated the exchange of best practices.
|
DRC Commits to Increased Budget Allocations for Water and Sanitation
The Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo last month committed to increase budgetary allocations to the water and sanitation sector, and to seek additional support from financial partners.
The announcement came during the Second National Water and Sanitation ‘Open Days,’ a week-long series of public events organized by the national water and sanitation committee with the support of WSP and other partners. Hundreds of sector participants attended Open Days, the aim of which is to improve general communications on sector issues and to raise the profile of water and sanitation on the national development agenda through exhibitions, a media campaign, round table discussions, and road shows.
Optimism remained high in spite of the awareness of gloomy statistics, such as the fact that the DRC will not meet the Millennium Development Goals for water or sanitation. In fact, some US$70 million is needed just to maintain the current national water coverage – now at 24 percent - and US$20 million for sanitation, for which national coverage is 10 percent. The water MDG targets coverage for 64 percent of the rural population and 81 percent for urban dwellers by 2015. The sanitation MDG targets are 46 percent for the rural population, and 43 percent for urban dwellers.
Meanwhile, the World Bank plans to invest US$210 million in improving urban water services in the country’s three largest cities: Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, and Kisangani. This funding will complement support from the African Development Bank and Belgian and German Governments to improve water and sanitation services in rural and semi-urban areas.
|
|
EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
|
Lao Villages Declared Open Defecation-Free
Five more villages in Lao PDR have been declared open defecation-free (ODF) as of June 2010. This followed the first ever ODF declaration in Lao in mid-May, which marked the implementation of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in the country.
The declaration took place in the Bachiengchaleunsouk District, in which representatives from the five villages--population totals 2,426 people--proudly announced they now have self-built toilets. At the first declaration in Kandone Village in Sekong Province on May 18, Sekong Provincial Vice-Governor Phonethep Khieolaphet, Vice-Minister of Health Bounkuang Phichit, and WSP Regional Team Leader for East Asia and the Pacific Almud Weitz together cut a ribbon to celebrate the event, which followed a CLTS piloting in six villages of Champasak and Sekong provinces. The pilot project was led by district officers of the National Centre for Environmental Health and Water Supply (Nam Saat), under the Department of Hygiene of the Ministry of Health with technical support from WSP.
As a community-driven approach to improve sanitation behavior among villages in developing countries, CLTS represents a strategic shift in focus from supporting toilet construction for individual households to one that seeks to create ODF villages through behavioral changes in the entire community. The change happens as communities learn that everyone in the village is negatively affected by the unsanitary practices of some.
“CLTS is a simple but effective strategy to empower communities in taking a decisive step towards achieving something on their own to be proud of. It motivates communities to take collective action in partnership with local governments, development organizations, and civil society organizations,” said Weitz.
“We have seen this work in so many different settings in East Asia by now, with villagers really becoming proud citizens – and government officials realizing that a completely different approach in which they are more facilitators than providers can achieve faster and longer-lasting results than they had ever imagined,” she added.
|
Latrines Sell Like Hot Cakes in Cambodia
Cambodia’s Svay Rieng Province now has a thriving sanitation market after just four months since the launch of the International Development Enterprises’ Sanitation Marketing Pilot Program. Supported by WSP, the program aims to have more than 10,000 toilets installed in rural villages over a period of 18 months through market forces and demand creation.
The core latrine, branded Easy Latrine, is now available in local markets, and over 2,500 latrine sales have been recorded through nine private local latrine producers. The latrine uptake speed rose in the first quarter of 2010, during which weekly sales were averaging 160 latrines. The sales increase triggered latrine producers to raise their investment to increase production capacity, leading to improved infrastructure, labor, transport, and sales force.
This momentum has prompted the local administration to take on greater roles and responsibilities. Several workshops have been organized to sensitize government agencies at commune, district, and provincial levels to sanitation marketing concepts, and a training workshop was organized by the Ministry of Rural Development for their staff. With such enthusiasm, the region is seeing a greater push by local authorities to persuade village households to invest in latrines. The public-private partnership among village chiefs, provincial water and sanitation authorities, and latrine producers demonstrates a working model for public health enhancement through sanitation improvement.
|
Access to Sanitary Toilets Still Rising in Vietnam Communities Years after Project Ends
In the 1990s, Vietnam formulated a new policy, strategy, and program to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and national targets to improve rural water supply and sanitation. While progress in water supply increased rapidly, progress in sanitation lagged behind. By 1998, just 24 percent of rural Vietnamese households had sanitary toilets, placing the achievement of MDG targets for sanitation by 2015 at risk.
To test whether a sanitation marketing approach could improve access to toilets in rural Vietnam, International Development Enterprises (IDE) conducted a rural pilot project from 2003 to 2006 in 30 communes in the coastal provinces of Thanh Hoa and Quang Nam. This pilot trained local leaders and small providers (shopkeepers, producers, and masons), who in turn promoted sanitary toilets and helped households to build the type of toilets they wanted and could afford. After 3.5 years, average household access to improved sanitation grew from 16 percent to 46 percent.
Recognizing the approach’s potential application for sanitation projects worldwide, WSP collaborated with the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre and ADCOM, a Vietnamese consultancy firm, to investigate the sustainability of sanitation marketing introduced during IDE’s pilot project.
A new WSP Technical Paper, Case Study on Sustainability of Rural Sanitation Marketing in Vietnam, concludes among other findings that access to sanitary toilets in the pilot areas had continued to increase after the pilot, crediting the continued involvement by promoters and providers, even without incentives. The case study also reveals that after the pilot, one district had used its own funds to scale up sanitation marketing activities across its communes.
While these signs are encouraging, the study suggests sustainability could be further bolstered with the support of additional strategies. “Long-term sustainability of the sanitation marketing approach in Vietnam—and elsewhere—seems to depend on several factors,” observes report co-author Jacqueline Devine, senior social marketing specialist at WSP. “These factors include providing ongoing budgeting for market research, production of promotional materials, and institutionalized promoter and provider training; adding Community-Led Total Sanitation to eradicate open defecation; and developing a more poor-specific marketing strategy.”
|
Indonesia Aims for Cleaner, Greener Cities
Health Minister Endang Sedyaningsih reinforced the importance of handwashing with soap to prevent the spread of communicable diseases at the 62nd World Health Day commemoration on April 11 in Indonesia.
In line with the World Health Day theme of “1000 cities; 1000 lives”, the country’s event--Healthy Cities, Healthy Citizens--also linked urbanization and health. At present about three billion people in the world live in urban areas. It is projected that by year 2030, six out of ten people will live in urban areas. More than 43 percent of Indonesians lived in urban areas in 2009, and the percentage is expected to surpass 60 percent in 2025.
The national commemoration was centered at a city park in Tangerang, Banten, in which the WSP-supported Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPPHWWS) and its partner Reckitt Benckiser, installed handwashing facilities and distributed thousands of handwashing stickers and pins as souvenirs to remind participants on handwashing after the event . The minister and the Banten governor demonstrated a proper handwashing technique to underscore the significance of handwashing in preventing the spread of diseases. The two officials went on to launch other initiatives, such as a “1 Person, 1 Plant” movement in a bid to create a healthier city.
|
Indonesia Sanitation Program Moves Ahead
A new national plan to free Indonesia entirely from the practice of open-defection advanced this month when the Government welcomed inputs from a recent wastewater conference. "In Indonesia, 80 million people still practice open defecation. This is as if the whole of the Philippines would go to defecate in the open at the same time,” said Oswar Mungkasa from the National Development Planning Agency.
Besides the usual centralized and on-site sanitation systems, a third approach has evolved over the last years promoting decentralized wastewater treatment solutions (DEWATS) for low- and medium-income countries. WSP has supported the international conference on DEWATS organized by the International Water Association and Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association last month in Surabaya, Indonesia, dealing with technical, social, and institutional perspectives of this approach. Over 180 people from 24 countries used the time to discuss arising issues, take a look at some project sites in East Java, and share lessons learned.
|
|
GLOBAL
|
Water Providers Concerned about Climate Change Impact on Services to People in Developing Countries
Many urban water utilities in developing countries lack the information and resources necessary to adapt to adverse impacts from changes in climate, according to a new report from the World Bank and the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP).
The water sector will not only be affected by climate change, but it will deliver many of its impacts through floods, droughts, or extreme rainfall events. Water resources will be scarcer and of lesser quality, while water, storm water, and wastewater facilities’ infrastructure will face greater risk of damage caused by storms, floods, and droughts. The combined effects are likely to cause difficulties in operations, disrupted services, and increased cost of the water and wastewater services.
In the report, Climate Change and Urban Water Utilities: Challenges & Opportunities, water utilities in developing countries expressed varied levels of concern related to climate change impact, and many cited a lack of capacity to act because of time and other resource constraints.
“Many urban water utilities are extremely busy trying to keep up with their city’s population growth, which in many cases already suffer from poor or absent service,” said WSP Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist Alexander Danilenko . “This report gives us a needed starting point to engage with utility managers and city government and make the case for the allocation of adaptation funding for water utilities.”
The report offers guidance to utilities on considerations in preparing climate adaptation action plans, and on cost estimates of adaptation measures.
Increasingly urban water utilities will require more robust monitoring systems to prepare for, and adapt to the effects of climate change, while currently many actions being implemented are ad-hoc, said Eric Dickson, Urban Economist at the World Bank. “To be more effective, they need to develop a strategic approach that encompasses the technical, financial, and institutional complexities inherent to climate change adaptation.”
The report also provides tangible examples of utilities taking action on climate change, and those facing climate-related challenges in their day-to-day operation. Cities from around the world are highlighted in the report including; Singapore, Seville, Seattle, Melbourne, Windhoek, New York, and Istanbul, Rawalpindi, Nairobi, Lima, Dhaka and Tianjin. Click here for a related blog post.
|
Catapulting the Water and Sanitation Sector to Meet the MDGs
Even the eruption of Iceland’s Eyjafjallajokull could not keep His Royal Highness Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange of the Netherlands, who is also Chairman of the UN Secretary General’s Advisory Board on water and sanitation, from joining World Bank Managing Director Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and others to participate in a Davos-style panel discussion of solutions for the 2.6 billion people who still lack access to sanitation and the 884 million lacking access to safe water.
The BBC’s Katty Kay moderated the event, which also included South Africa’s Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, Buyelwa Patience Sonjica,Senior Deputy Assistant Administrator at USAID’s Bureau for Global Health Gloria Steele, Ek Sonn Chan from Cambodia’s General Director of the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority, IFC’s Executive Vice President Lars Thunell, and Inger Andersen, Sustainable Development Director in the Bank’s Africa Region.
“As a child,” said Okonjo-Iweala, “I remember walking for miles to fetch water, and then having to do it all over again the next day. The next day we had to do it all over again. It was one of the most difficult things.”
She cited another personal experience related to sanitation. “I remember growing tired after walking up a flight of stairs, which used to be simple. One day, my husband found me on the floor at the top of the stairs, the baby was crying. I had fainted. At the hospital they found I had masses of hookworms from the village where I had lived. These stories are meant to show you that this event today is not just an academic exercise but a real issue.”
With roughly 4,000 children dying preventable deaths each day because of improper water and sanitation, the panelists were using the Spring Meetings of the IMF and World Bank venue as a platform to bring these basic human necessities to the attention of gathered finance ministers and the international news media. Click here for feature, related video, and the full speech by Okonjo-Iweala.
|
|
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
|
Latinosan 2010: Overcoming inequities to Reach Sanitation for All
Governments of 16 Latin American countries will prioritize sanitation in their national policies and increase the efforts to bring sanitation to all citizens. That was one of the main agreements expressed in the Declaration of Foz de Iguazu at the Second Regional Sanitation Conference, Latinosan 2010.
Specialists and government representatives gathered in Foz de Iguazu (Brazil) to discuss the state of sanitation in Latin America; experiences on public investment funds; sector modernization; the decentralization process, new intervention models, among others. [The complete list of presentations can be downloaded from this link]. One of the main WSP contributions was the organization of a parallel session on UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Program (JMP), where participants highlighted the need of water quality parameters and data collection mechanisms; the absence of information on people who have no access to water and sanitation services; and the need to involve international development organizations in organizing technical events where specialists reconcile data from JMP with national statistics.
|
| SOUTH ASIA |
| Orissa to Provide Shared Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste for 1.8 million people
The Government of Orissa in India has cleared plans for a regional shared treatment and landfill facility for municipal solid waste (MSW) that will cover 1.8 million people in five municipalities. The facility will initially treat waste from the municipalities of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack, which account for nearly 30 percent of municipal solid waste generated in the state. It will later accept waste from the neighboring municipal councils of Jatni, Khorda, and Chaudwar.
The initiative is expected to improve systems for collecting and transporting waste, transfer stations, and an integrated treatment and disposal facility. The project will also enhance municipal financial management by encouraging close monitoring of expenditure and revenues from municipal solid waste to meet project costs.
The facility will be developed under a public-private partnership, in which a private operator, identified through a bid process, will be responsible for designing, constructing, financing, and operating the facility. The plant will then be transferred back to the Government of Orissa at the end of the concession period.
WSP provides technical assistance to the Government of Orissa on this project supported by a grant from the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF).
|
| Villages of India’s East Garo Hills in Meghalaya Achieve Total Sanitation
Following the success of villages in the East Garo Hills, which achieved 100 percent total sanitation last December, Meghalaya state has since scaled-up efforts to become a fully sanitized district of the state. As many as 13 villages in the hilly and tribal state became Open Defecation Free (ODF) within just three weeks, without households receiving any hardware subsidy.
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) was launched in the district in 2007 through the traditional beneficiary-oriented and subsidy-driven approach. When this failed to gain momentum, the District Water and Sanitation Technical Committee (DWSC) sought assistance from WSP to initiate the CLTS approach on a pilot basis in May 2009.
A fresh sanitation survey was carried out before DWSC scaled-up the CLTS approach in the district. Within four months results were visible and benefits started reaching the people. Full-time facilitators were selected and trained to carry out triggering exercises in roughly 200 villages. The DWSC strengthened the supply chain by establishing three Rural Sanitary Marts.
Masons were selected from every village and trained in construction technologies. Multiple materials options were given to communities who were asked to choose the best option. Changes made in the implementation strategy included looking at the village as a unit, in keeping with the CLTS focus on the community as a collective, rather than at individual beneficiaries. Each Village Water and Sanitation Committee was empowered with the understanding of the relationship between health, sanitation, and water. Finally, emphasis was not on toilet construction alone but on usage and sustainability.
|
|
|
| Back to Top |
|
|
 |
| CONTACT INFORMATION |
WSP Africa
World Bank
Hill Park Building
P.O. Box 30577-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Phone (254-20)322 6334
Fax (254-20) 322 6386
wspaf@worldbank.org
WSP East Asia and the Pacific
World Bank
Jakarta Stock Exchange Building
Tower 2, 13th Floor JI. Jend. Sudirman
Kav. 52-53, Jakarta 12190, Indonesia
Phone (62-21)5299 3003
Fax (62-21) 5299 3004
wspeap@worldbank.org
|
WSP Latin America and the Caribbean
Water and Sanitation Program
Banco Mundial
Mision Residente del Perú
Avenida Álvarez Calderón 185
San Isidro, Lima 27, Perú
Phone (51-1) 615-0685
Fax (51-1) 615-0689
wsplac@worldbank.org
WSP South Asia
World Bank
World Bank
55 Lodi Estate
New Delhi 110003, India
Phone (91-11) 2469 0488/ 2469 0489
Fax (91-11) 2462 8250
wspsa@worldbank.org
|
WSP Washington DC
1818 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20433 USA
wsp@worldbank.org
ABOUT US
The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
Read more | Our donors
|
|
|
|
Copyright 2010 WSP, All Rights Reserved. All Rights Reserved. Terms and Conditions. Privacy Policy.
|
|
|
|
|
